HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

KERAJAAN SRIVIJAYA

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Kerajaaan Srivijaya berpusat di daerah yang dikenali sebagai Palembang di sumatera. Pengaruhnya amat besar diatas Indonesia, Semenanjung Malaysia dan Filipina. Kerajaan Srivijaya banyak di pengaruhi budaya India, pertama oleh agama Hindu dan diikuti oleh agama buddha. Srivijaya merupakan pusat terpanting agama mahayana. Raja-raja Srivijaya menguasai kerajaan melayu menerusi perdagangan dan penaklukan dari kurun ke 7 hingga ke 9. Kerajaan ini juga membantu menyebarkan kebudayaan Melayu ke seluruh Sumatera, Semenanjung Melayu, dan Borneo Barat. Kerajaan ini merosot pada abad ke 11 kerana telah diserbu oleh Raja Chola dari kerajaan Colamandala, India yang menyebabkan hancurnya jalur perdagangan. Serangan ke2 Raja Sri Sanggramawidjaja Tungadewa ditawan. Kerajaan Melayu Jambi dibawah naungan Srivijaya menjadikan Srivijaya taklukannya. Kekuatan kerajaan Melayu Jambi beransur pada abad ke 2. Kemudian wilayah kerajaaan Srivijaya mula ditakluki berbagai kerajaan Jawa, pertama oleh kerajaan Singhasari dan diakhiri oleh kerajaan Majapahit.

KERAJAAN SRIVIJAYA

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JOGLO (rumah adat jawa)

2009-02-14T04:46:00.000-08:00

Rumah merupakan sesuatu yang penting kerana mencerminkan tempat tinggal, pakaian dan makanan. Kerana rumah berfungsi untuk melindungi dari bencana alam. Selain itu rumah tidak hanya untuk memenuhi keperluan utamanya sahaja. Tetapi digunakan untuk semua kegiatan dan keperluan yang ada di dalam rumah tersebut. Rumah jawa lebih dari sekadar tempat tinggal. Masyarakat jawa lebih mengutamakan moral kemasyarakatan dan keperluan. Lalu timbullah jati diri arsitektur dalam masyarakat tersebut. Rumah jawa merupakan lambang status bagi penghuninya dan juga menyimpan rahsia tentang kehidupan penghuninya.

Bentuk rumah jawa dipengaruhi dengan 2 cara, iaitu:
1. pendekatan geometik yang dikuasai oleh kekuatan sendiri.
2. pendekatan geofizik yang bergantung pada kekuatan alam semulajadi.

JOGLO SEMAR TINANDHU

Joglo Semar Tinandhu diilham dari bentuk tandu. Joglo ini biasanya digunakan untuk regol atau gerbang kerajaan dengan ciri-ciri:

Denah berbentuk persegi panjang.
bebatur, iaitu tanah diratakan dan lebih tinggi dari tanah sekelilingnya. diatas bebatur di pasang umpak yang sudah diberi purus wedokan, umpak ini akan disambing dengan tiang saka.
2 saka guru sebagai tiang utama yang menahan atap brunjung dan 8 saka pananggap yang berfungsi sebagai penyangga yang berada di luar saka guru.
2 pengeret sebagai penyangga blok tandu.
memiliki tumpang 3 tingkat yang ditopang blok tandu.
atapnya memiliki 4 jenis empyak iaitu empyak brunjung, empyak cocor pada bahagian atas dan empyak penanggap serta empyak penangkur di bahagian bawah.
pada atap terdapat molo.
menggunakan usuk rigereh, usuk di bahagian atas bersandar pada dudur sedangkan bahagian bawah tertumpu pada blok pengeret dan dipasang tegak.
biasanya digunakan untuk regol (pintu masuk).

Kerana tiang utama/saka guru pada joglo ini digantikan oleh tembok sambungan, maka ruang di bawah atap yang lebih tinggi mempunyai ruang yang besar. Udara yang ada bercampur dengan udara luar, namun terasa lebih sejuk kerana ada ruang atap yang memberikan perbezaan udara antara ruang luar dengan ruang di dalam joglo.
Pada joglo semar tinandhu ini udara bergerak secara lurus melalui celah diantara 2 tembok sambungan. Pergerakan udara terjadi secara langsung pada bahagian tengah joglo ini kerana tidak di halang oleh tembok. Namun pada bahagian kanan dan kiri, udara tidak mengalir pada bahagian sisi sebelahnya, kerana terhalang oleh tembok sambungan yang sampai ke puncak joglo. Udara kembali bergerak ke bawah melalui celah menuju ruang di sebelah tembok sambungan, dan mengalir ke pelbagai arah.

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ROOF TYPE

Composition (asphalt shingles)

· ranges from low-cost 3-tab shingle to architectural shingles with extra durability and style
· many colors, types, and manufacturers
· fire resistant
· scars easily when hot
· environmentally unfriendly
· composition roofing material absorbs and holds more heat than wood shake or shingles.
· The asphalt base of composition roofing absorbs the sun's rays and radiates heat for a longer period of time than wood.
· Lighter-colored composition roofs absorb less heat than darker-colored ones.

Wood,shingles or shake

· natural look weathering to a soft grey
· offers some insulation value
· blends in with the environment
· easy to repair or replace
· long lasting if maintained (30–50 years)
· usually requires professional installation high maintenance
· tends to rot, split, mold, and mildew
· poor fire rating unless presure treated
· Wood does not conduct heat.
· Wood shakes are also individual pieces that allow air to circulate.

Metal (steel, aluminum, tin, copper)
· available in different looks including cedar shingles, slate, or standing seam
· may be difficult to install
· can be expensive
· may need periodic painting
· have inherent properties that cause roofs constructed with these materials to become exceptionally hotter than other roofs.
· absorb most of the energy reaching them from the sun (high thermal absorption), reflect little energy (low reflectivity), and conduct heat very rapidly (high thermal conductivity).
· Therefore, there are special design considerations for underlayments used under these metal roofs, due to the high in-service temperatures that these roof assemblies can reach.

Tile (concrete, clay)
· many colors and styles
· attractive
· fireproof
· easy to maintain
· extremely durable when maintained
· fragile; walking on roof may break tiles

Slate
· beautiful, distinctive appearance
· fireproof
· long life span
· low maintenance
· heavy
· fragile

ACID AND BASES

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Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.
Bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.

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AIR

air is the most important thing for life things in this world because in air are contains oxygen, hydrogen and many more gases..Air is a mixture of variety of gases, air is the life sustaining substence for animal and human water vapour and small amounts of other elements , Higher in the atmosphere. People can only clearly notice the prescence of air when the wind blows.The air we breathe consists mostly of the following gases:

Nitrogen (N2)78%

Oxygen (O2)20%

Noble gasses1%

Carbon dioxide (CO2)0,03%

Water vapor (H2O)0,97%

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Brick, Roof and Tile
Heat is one of energy that we cant create, cannot be destroy but can transfer from one matter to the other matter which is solid, water even gases. In our life, heat is very important for example, heat is using for cooking, decayed process and combustion process. But too much heat will be a problem to our life. For example, in construction to build a house, we have to prevent the heat so that we can have a comfort house to live in. in order to do that we have to use a batter roof to prevent the heat from enter the house. Brick, roof and tile is use to decreasing the temperature in the house. Bricks are divided by their formation and their composition such as common brick, face brick, clinker brick, press brick and many more. Common brick is use generally to build a buildings because its hard and more durable kinds are preferred for this purpose.

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY

2008-07-14T07:13:00.000-07:00

Electricity is so much part of our lives in this modern world that we take it very much for granted. Only when there is an electrical breakdown are we reminded how dependent we have become on it. Electricity does so many things for us. Without it our modern way of living will be severely affected or even impossible. It is beneficial for us to understand it better and thus appreciate its important role in our lives.
Electricity is simply the flow of electrically charged particles through a conductor. A common conductor is the electrical wire. In this wire the electrically charged particles are electron of the metallic conductor. These electrons can be made to move through the wire by a generator, an electric cell of other means. The movement of these electrons through the wire is that we call electricity. When connected to an electrical appliance, the energetic electrons give some of their energy to the appliance thus making it work. For example, electrons passing through the filament of a light bulb causes the filament to hear up and give out light.
Other appliances work on different principles but basically they all get their energy from the movement of the electrons through them.
A lightning bolt is actually the movement of charge particles from a cloud to another or to the earth. The conductor is the air itself. As we all know, this form of electricity is very powerful indeed. A person struck by lightning is liable to get roasted. Even our household electrical supply is a very powerful. One can get electrocuted by it.
Electricity drives so many appliances in our modern world. The radio, television, iron, refrigerator, computer pocket calculator, fan, light bulb, motor and hundreds of other devices all require electricity in order to work. If we did not know how to use electricity our world not be as it is now. Can you imagine life without the radio, television, fan, or the light bulb? Well, we would not have these things without electricity.
Electricity, for all its wonder and usefulness, is not easy to store. Except for batteries, hardly anything else can store electricity in sufficient amounts. So in order to get this precious energy we need to convert it from other forms of energy.
The most common way of generating is by using a generator. But to run a generator we need other sources of energy. We make us of coal, water, oil, energy from the sun, atomic energy and other sources to drive our generators. So day and night we use up other sources or energy to supply us with electricity. We have become so dependent on it. Without it our world will be entirely different. Perhaps some time in the future we may be able to discover something else that can replace our dependence on electricity. Till that time however, we have to go on using it.